2008/10/28 山本准教授と張世峰君（博士後期課程2年）がAPLAS Sapporo 2008（札幌、2008年10月）で研究発表
2013/10/23
山本准教授と張世峰君（博士後期課程2年）がAPLAS Sapporo 2008（札幌、2008年10月）で研究発表
A Study on the Actual Condition of the Community Participation in Non-Industrial Waste Management in the Tama Area of Tokyo
ABSTRACT
In Japan, to form a recycling-based society—founded on the Basic Law for Establishing the Recycling-Based Society (2000) which is outlined in the Basic Plan for Establishing the Recycling-Based Society (2003)—it is necessary to have community participation, especially by municipalities who play the important role of coordinator. According to these laws, the central government, local governments, businesses and all citizens are required to take various measures to establish the recycling-based society. Chapter 5 of the Basic Plan for Establishing the Recycling-Based Society gives the role that each entity—citizen, NPO/NGO, business and local government—should play. It is also necessary for local governments to promote projects to establish the recycling-based society by bringing all the entities together and then acting as a coordinator, in cooperation with the NPO/NGOs, private groups and businesses, to support residents’ lifestyles and help them procure eco-friendly goods and services.
However, according to the municipal wastes management survey (in 2005) by the Ministry of the Environment, the volume of non-industrial wastes has not yet decreased significantly: the amount of non-industrial waste per person per day has decreased from 1,166g at the time of the Basic Plan for Establishing the Recycling-Based Society (2003) to 1,131g (2005).Although it can be said that many people have come to participate in and coordinate activities to reduce non-industrial wastes, this has not led to a reduction in the volume of non-industrial wastes from regional communities. To realize the benefits of a recycling-based society, it is necessary for various entities to practice environmental activities based on their own circumstances, and it is indispensable to coordinate these activities organically as a whole.
InJapan, as for a wastes processing enterprise, local government has to take the responsibility for collection, processing, and disposal. And the source of discharge of non-industrial wastes is mainly classified into homes, and offices. Moreover, in the Basic Plan for Establishing the Recycling-Based Society, reference is made about importance, such as NPO/NGO, in the measure of local area. From these things, community participation is defined as “an activity performed based on the cooperative relationship of various local entities, such as local governments, residents, enterprises, businesses and NPOs.”
Based on the mentioned above, the purpose of this study is to describe the actual condition of community participation in non-industrial waste management in Tama area. For the purpose, first, we select Chofu,FuchuandMachidain the Tama area ofTokyoas study areas, and the populations and non-industrial wastes are increasing in these three cities. Secondary, we grasp the volume of non-industrial waste per person day and non-industrial waste management in these three cities based on the investigation of statistical data and Internet survey. Moreover, we describe the actual condition of the community participation in non-industrial waste management by an interview survey to local governments of these three cities.
From the results of this study, it is evident that the volume of non-industrial waste per person per day has shown an upward tendency commonly in Chofu,FuchuandMachida. Moreover, the volume of non-industrial waste from homes is greater than the ones from offices. On the other hand, as for community participation, the enterprises to make much of every each city are different.
The characteristics of community participation of each city are as follows.
(1)InMachida, financial support for the activities based on the cooperation and collaboration with various entities is carried out, and the community participation is advanced by “waste-zero citizens meeting.” However, the volume of non-industrial waste per person day is the most and it is more than 1,000g.
(2)In Chofu, clean-up campaign, promotion of recycling, etc. are executed by the cooperation with citizens. Moreover, in the enforcement of administrative plan of non-industrial waste management, the public comment was raised.
(3)InFuchu, the original enterprises such as “10,000t wastes loss in strategy” and “citizen my bag movement” were carried out.
However, since there are very few enterprises collaborated with NPOs commonly in three cities, it is necessary to reconsider its role to promote the community participation for non-industrial waste reduction.
In future research, it is needed to grasp the actual conditions of community participation in non-industrial waste management, based on the questionnaire survey to neighborhood associations and businesses.
A Study on the Difficulty of the Zero-Emission Activities in Food Manufacturing Industries in Japan:
The Cases of Seasoning Manufacturing Industry, and Grain Cleaning and Flour Milling Industry
ABSTRACT
InJapan, waste is generally divided into non-industrial and industrial waste. According to data from the Ministry of the Environment for 2003, there were about 50 million tons of non-industrial waste and about 400 million tons of industrial waste. Though incineration, land reclamation, etc. are the main current methods to handle these wastes, the effective reuse of these resources through recycling is being promoted. It can be said that the Basic Law for Establishing the Recycling-based Society was enacted in 2000 inJapanbecause the waste problem had become acute.
InJapan, though wastes from the food manufacturing industry are as much as 20 million tons a year, or about 5% of the total, they are characteristically harmless and easy to recycle, being commonly recycled into fodder and fertilizer. However, the current recycling rate remains low at 45%, but it is expected to be further improved. Therefore, it can be said that it is necessary to build a zero-emission social system to use resources more effectively in order to realize a recycling society inJapan.
In beer brewing industry as an advanced example of zero-emission activity, Yokohama factory of Kirin Brewery Company achieved 100% of recycling in 1994, and it is the first time to realize zero-emission among Japanese all manufacturing industries. From these, before the Basic Law for Establishing the Recycling-based Society enacted in 2000 and Law Concerning the Promotion of Recycling Food Cyclical Resources (2001) enacted in 2002, the beer brewing industry started to work on zero-emission activities.
On the other hand, the current states of other manufacturing industries than beer brewing industry are largely different. Some companies worked on the zero-emission before the Basic Law for Establishing the Recycling-based Society, and realized zero-emission at almost the same time of the enforcement of the Law Concerning the Promotion of Recycling Food Cyclical Resources. Others are not able to realized zero-emission easily, though they have worked on it since early time. Moreover, there are any companies that do not work on zero-emission at all. Especially in seasoning making industry and grain cleaning and flour milling industry, the differences among the companies are remarkable. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the difficulty of the zero-emission activity in these two kinds of industries, based on the description of the current state of zero- emission activities.
The objectives of this study are major companies such as Q.P. Corporation and Ajinomoto Co., Inc. which have achieved zero-emission, and KENKO Mayonnaise Co., Ltd. and Riken Vitamin Co. Ltd. which have not yet achieved it among Seasoning making industry. The objectives in grain cleaning and flour milling industry are Nisshin Seifun Group Inc., Nippon Flour Mills Co., Ltd., Showa Sangyo Co., Ltd. and Nitto-Fuji Flour Milling. It is necessary to describe the current state of the zero-emission activities of these companies to clarify the difficulty, mainly by a questionnaire survey and a further interview survey to each company and its factories. Concretely, after the preliminary research such literatures survey and an interview survey to representative companies and factories, a questionnaire survey was conducted. Based on the analysis result of the questionnaire survey, a further interview survey to some factories to verify the difficulty of the zero-emission activities in detail
The findings of this study can be summarized into the following two points:
(1)As for seasoning making industry, the raw materials commonly used to make mayonnaise are eggs, vegetable oil, vinegar and seasoning. The manufacturing process has five stages: material inspection; egg processing, mixture, filling, and packing. Whereas, as for grain cleaning and flour milling industry, the manufacturing process has generally five stages: careful selection, humidity adjustment, purification, silo and packing. Wheat, during the milling process, and the only raw material used to make flour is wheat.
(2) There are fewer kinds of the waste discharged from the seasoning making industry, and grain cleaning and flour milling industry, and they are easier to recycle, than beer brewing industry. However, in these two kinds of food manufacturing industries, there are most of the companies that have not yet achieved zero-emissions. It is thought that the most serious difficulty is that the importance and the basic concept of zero-emission have not yet infiltrated fully in these two industries.